Weak Arguments in Cosmological Argument by Thomas Aquinas

Many philosophers have posed the question: How can I prove that God exists? Thomas Aquinas attempted to prove the existence of God in a rational way through his Cosmological argument. Aquinas argued that every event as we observe it has a cause and a casual chain cannot be infinite. Therefore, a first cause is necessary and this cause is God. Aquinas’ argument is unsuccessful because it assumes that God is a necessary being, fails to prove that the world is not an infinite chain of events, and undermines the basis of his argument by saying that God is infinite. Aquinas argued the existence of God with five main points. Aquinas began by saying that nothing can be a cause of itself; rather every event was caused by some prior event. Therefore event A causes event B that leads to event C and so forth. He believed in this cause and effect relationship but believed that there must be a first cause as a starting point. When contemplating this starting point Aquinas rejected the possibility of an infinite series of events. This means that the universe has not existed forever and there must have been something from which every single event stems. There must be an uncaused first cause, which Aquinas concluded to be God. The first cause is called the unmoved mover. The unmoved mover is what set all other events and beings in motion. The arguments made by Aquinas at first seem to be powerful. However, when examining and taking a closer look the arguments don’t seem to be asShow MoreRelatedEssay on Arguments for the Existence for God1212 Words   |  5 Pages 1. The Cosmological Argument for the existence of God is based on the principle of cause and effect. What this basically means is that the universe was the effect of a cause, which was God. One of the oldest and most well known advocates of the Cosmological Argument was Thomas Aquinas who outlines his argument for the existence of God in his article entitled The Five Ways. The first way in his argument is deals with motion. Aquinas says that in order for something to be in motion somethingRead MoreA Logical Argument For God s Existence Or Nonexistence1471 Words   |  6 PagesA logical argument for God’s existence or nonexistence is the cosmological argument. William Craig says in his book that there are three statements that give the cosmological argument form. Craig concluded that whatever begins to exist has a cause. The Universe began to exist therefore the Universe had a cause. What that cause was, is widely challenged. The argument against the existence of God incl udes the Big Bang Theory. The Big Bang Model is a broadly accepted theory for the beginning and evolutionRead MoreThe Question of Why God Exists595 Words   |  2 PagesGod exists. The Cosmological argument is an argument by the Christian, Theologian and Philosopher St. Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274) in an attempt to prove God’s existence. I will argue that the weaknesses of this argument outweigh its strengths, and therefore making the Cosmological argument a weak argument for the proof of God’s existence. The Cosmological argument is seen as a benchmark in the question of the existence of God. Meaning this is highly regarded as the strong argument for their claimRead MoreDo God Exist ?1960 Words   |  8 PagesThesis Statements    1. Because of man’s ignorance and curiosity, arguments for the existence of God have been made over the years. Basically, these arguments are divided into two large groups i.e. logical and metaphysical. Actually, these arguments seek to prove that the existence of a being or having faith with at least one attribute that only God could have is logically necessary.    2. Believing and having faith in God will only resort to one thing—goodness.    3. Faith has something toRead MoreEssay about Module 41422 Words   |  6 Pages 9. Explain and evaluate the argument of St. Anselm for God’s existence. - One of the two Christian greats was St. Anselm. St. Anselm argued that a perfect being is necessary for existence. His argument is even prior to nature. St. Anselm thought it was impossible for anyone to reason about God or God’s existence without already believing in him. St. Anselm started the Ontological Argument based upon the nature of being. The Ontological Argument states that God is â€Å"the greatestRead More Arguments for the Existence of God Essay2739 Words   |  11 PagesArguments for Existance of God I have chosen the Christian religion to examine in this particular piece of coursework. Over the centuries philosophers and theologians have put forward a number of different arguments to argue the existence of God. The particular arguments I will be looking at are the Teleological Argument and the Cosmological Argument. ==================================================================== William Paley put the Teleological argumentRead MoreThe Design Argument - as Level Essay examples3128 Words   |  13 Pagesa. Outline the Key Concepts of the Design Argument [21 marks] The design argument is also referred to at the Teleological Argument stemmed from the Greek work ‘Telos’ meaning end or purpose. It is an ‘A posterior’ argument (from experience) based on our empirical senses and it is synthetic meaning that it is from observation. The argument is also inductive meaning there a number of possible conclusions. The main basis of the Teleological argument is based on a designer commonly known as ‘theRead MoreThe Christian s Acts Of Faith2105 Words   |  9 PagesOther influences such as Thomas Aquinas a proponent of Natural theology argue otherwise; natural theology is the task of proving or giving reasons for the existence of God, and other truths about God, on the basis of knowledge that is naturally available to all human beings (SR 656). One can rationally conclude a belief in God’s existence through basic knowledge and evidence around us. Arguments such as the classical cosmological argument and the Kalam cos mological argument fall under natural theologyRead MoreThe Debate On The Existence Of God2437 Words   |  10 Pagesreason and science those people often call themselves atheists. I believe in the existence of God but I will discuss arguments that express both the existence of God and none existence of God in order to prove that God really does exist. By visiting and exploring all kinds of aspects such as moral idea of God, as well as first cause argument. Furthermore, I will go into the arguments of Gods none existence because of problems of evil in the world, misery, lack of faith, continuous let down and lackRead MoreRelation Between Science and Religion Essay4079 Words   |  17 Pagesodds against the initial conditions being suitable for later star formation (without which planets could not exist) is one followed by a thousand billion billion zeroes, at least.7 He also estimates that a change in the strength of gravity or of the weak force by only one part in 10100 would have prevented a life-permitting universe.8 There are a number of such quantities and constants present in the big bang which must be fine-tuned in this way if the universe is to permit life. So improbability is

Early American Literature Influenced by Religious...

In the beginning times of American Literature, Puritan writers were prevalent which grew into the Age of Reason by way of scientists and philosophers, which eventually emerged into Romanticism and the Renaissance writers, which developed into Realism by the middle of 19th century. Throughout American Literature, religious ideologies and philosophies influenced the way that writers portrayed the time period, characters, feelings, and God. Through Puritan writers, literature is influenced by religious ideologies and philosophies. Puritans writers, beginning in about 1560, put most of their focus into making their work God centered. They believed in the â€Å"Elect† and that Jesus died only for these few people. Writers usually wrote in 1st†¦show more content†¦She also thanks God during situations that could seem like nothing to be thankful about like, â€Å"yet the Lord by his almighty power, preserved a number of us from death† (Rowlandson 10). Through both the narratives of the lives of Equiano and Rowlandson, the Puritan literature is influence by religious ideologies and philosophies. By the end of the 17th century, new ideas formed in Europe challenging the faith of the Puritans, during the period of time known as the Age of Reason. Also known as the Enlightenment, it began with philosophers and scientists who called themselves rationalists, believing that one can arrive at truth by using r eason, instead of religious faith or intuition. As the Puritans in the past saw God as being active in the involvement of the workings of the universe, the rationalists compared God to a clockmaker, and that God’s gift to humanity was the ability to think in a logical manner. Like the Puritans, rationalists discovered God through the medium of the natural world, but believed in deism, that God made it possible to discover nature laws through their power of reason, given by Him. Benjamin Franklin’s The Autobiography, is depictive of the Age of Reason because it portrays the fact that Franklin was a self-made person and had to further his own life, rising from poverty to a scientist able to retire atShow MoreRelatedEarly American Transcendentalism1204 Words   |  5 PagesEarly American transcendentalism has one of the greatest influences towards American society because it is not only a philosophy, but also a religion and physical progression. During the early nineteen th century, Ralph Emerson, Henry Thoreau, and other radical individuals challenged the present day theories of values, ethics, and what it means to live life to the fullest (Timko). If early American transcendentalists were living among civilians today, would present day civilians think the earlierRead MoreSocial Anxiety : America s National Identity991 Words   |  4 Pagesrevolted and established a nation, their sons and daughters became responsible for constructing a national identity. As seen in the nineteenth century, America, an emerging nation that arose collectively for a revolution would be fragmented by altered philosophies within its incipient national identity. Several significant facets revolved around the acumens of social anxiety as America’s national identity emerged as a historical response by prominent congregates discontented with conventional societal thoughtRead MoreThe Beat Movement1122 Words   |  5 PagesFollowing the conclusion of World War II, a c ollective of artists and authors began questioning the American Dream. In time, the ideas of this collective confronted mainstream society and ultimately led to a cultural shift, known as the Beat movement. Just as the postwar economic boom of the mid-1950s nourished American idealism, a new generation began to question the dominant materialism of American society. Although the Beat generation began on paper, through the artistry of poets addressing theRead MoreInfluence of Religion1056 Words   |  5 PagesInfluence of Religion on Developing Societies Linda Randolph HIS 103 World Civilizations 1 Instructor: Robert Solomon October 30, 2011 Before Jesus Christ, people in early civilization have been looking for the one who is going to bring hope, peace, and someone strong and not weak. Religion has had an effect on society, it will always be important in our life because of Christianity. Christianity and Islam are the two most popular religions. TheyRead MoreEssay on Foundations of Education1649 Words   |  7 Pages nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Among the significant figures in the history of the American Educational System, few have had as much ideological and practical influence as Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, Horace Mann, John Dewy, and Johann Pestolazzi. Each altered the course of American education to a degree that the developments made during and after the lifetimes of each of these figures are practically manifested in today’s educational environment. In some cases, as with Franklin, much ofRead MorePedro Paramo : An Enormous Impact On Latin American Writers And Readers From All Over The Worl d1694 Words   |  7 PagesZephorah Dove Professor Byala English 2097 3 December 2015 Pedro Paramo As a realist novel from Latin America, Pedro Paramo served an enormous impact on Latin American writers and readers from all over the world. Upon its release in 1955, Pedro Paramo barely sold 4,000 novels, yet the novel has sold millions worldwide and is translated into over 30 different languages. The reason why Juan Rulfo, the author, was deemed a literary figure in Latin America is largely because of this novel. The novelRead MorePolitical Biography Essay1604 Words   |  7 PagesMarch 2010 Professor Simon PSC 101 Political Autobiography In my life I have never had any political enforcement or strict religious influence. My parents were very lenient when it came too political preaching. I was taught to be a caring and respectful individual. My political understanding and beliefs have been molded from my early political memories and socialization experiences. As a young adult I have always strived to become knowledgeable about political ideals mainly becauseRead More Morality and Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown Essay1146 Words   |  5 Pageshis fiction, that Hawthorne made a startling discovery. His 17th century paternal ancestors, whom he had assumed to have been yeoman farmers or seafaring men, had been illustrious founders as well as political and religious Puritan leaders of Salem. Young Goodman Brown was influenced by this Puritan heritage; by Hawthornes personality which had acquired a skeptical, dual-outlook on life; and by Hawthornes mental and moral beliefs thathe revealed. Hawthorne struggles with his own morality withinRead MoreChristianity And Its Effects On Modern Culture And Society2000 Words   |  8 PagesMartinez REL2300 14 November 2014 Christianity and its Effects on Modern Culture and Society Christianity, the way and teachings of the Messiah, Jesus Christ. It is the largest and most popular religion in the world with about a whopping 2.1 billion religious followers positioned all around the world. Christianity has had such an important impact on the course of the history of the world since its creation about 2,000 years ago that even today both Christian followers and non-Christians still follow theRead MoreRomanticism : Romanticism And Romanticism1141 Words   |  5 PagesThroughout history, there have been many literary movements. Although Romanticism and Modernism differ in their styles, values, and ideology, they were both important periods in literature. Romanticism was a literary movement during the late 18th century until the early 19th century that had an emphasis on the imagination and emotions. The movement moved through every country in Europe, Latin America, and the United States from approximately 1750 to 1870. However, France did not see the movement

Chotukool Solutions free essay sample

Assess the business scenario for ChotuKool? What are the critical success factors for this product to succeed? ChotuKool falls in to the business of refrigeration, to understand the business better let us understand the overall refrigeration business But before that lets looks at the consumer durable market, the consumer durable market consists of products from watches to fans. With the help of the below mentioned data we can understand the penetration and reach of a consumer durable like refrigerator in comparison to a product like Television Set, car, bike or Grinder. This will help us in having a deeper knowledge of the placement of a retrigger in the minds of the consumer in comparison to other consumer durables. With the analysis of the below shown chart we understand that refrigerators have been able to penetrate only 46% of the urban market on the other hand it has barely scratched the rural market by just reaching a meager 8%. We will write a custom essay sample on Chotukool Solutions or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Overall most of the consumer durable shown below have a decent reach in the rural markets except for car and refrigerators, this helps us understand that there is an untapped market available in the rural areas for this specific consumer durable Ownership of consumer durables (% of household) Refrigerators Pressure cooker Bicycle Wrist watch Ceiling fan Mixer/Grinder Colour TV Motorcycle Car 0% 3% 12% 19% 17% 19% 34% 48% 56% 54% 8% 38% 53% 69% 76% 88% 89% 46% 80% Urban Rural 20% 40% 60% 80% FY 2008 – 09| Rs/cr| ACamp;R industry market size| 14,200 (US$ 3. 0 B)| Airconditioning systems| 11,000| Commercial refrigeration| 2,000| ACamp;R servicing| 1,200| * Approximately 69 per cent population resides in rural India, yet only 35% sales is contributed by rural markets. However, this sales contribution is expected to increase to 45% in near future. * Rural Consumer durables markets is growing by 30 per cent currently, expected to grow by 45 per cent in FY12 80 lacs Refrigerators sold last year and the market has grown by 12-15% (2010) Commercial Refrigeration Sector †¢ Growth during last 5 years: -10% †¢ Expected growth during medium term (3-5 years): 10-12% Looking at these figures we can see that the Domestic Refrigerator market in India  is one of the fastest growing segments of the consumer durable industry and is witnessing significant growth on account of rising per capita income and improved social indicators. The market is estimated to be worth  INR 97. 69 bn  in 2010. Over 80% of the population of India does not use refrigerators. Refrigerators have been manufactured in India since 1950s. Till the 1980s, players like Godrej, Kelvinator, Allwyn and Voltas controlled almost 90% of the market. Earlier, the white goods sector was categorized as a luxury goods industry and was subject to oppressive taxation and licensing. The situation changed after liberalization of the economy in the early 1990s. The Government removed all restrictions, and now there is no restriction on foreign investment, and licenses are no longer required. Post-liberalization, a number of foreign companies entered the market and many domestic players also diversified into refrigerators. BPL and Videocon who already had a presence in the consumer electronics market, leveraged their strengths to enter the durables sector. In India, refrigerators have the highest aspirational value of all consumer durables, with the exception of televisions. This accounts for the high growth rate of the refrigerator market which has been growing at a rate of about 15% per year, while the consumer durables industry as a whole has grown at almost 8%. The size of the refrigerator market is estimated to be 3. 5- 4 million units approximately, valued at Rs. 50 bn. The domestic penetration rate of refrigerators is about 9%. The penetration is considerably higher in urban areas, which account for 75% of the demand, with rural areas constituting the other 25%. The demand is also higher in the northern and western parts of the country than in the east. A study by Assocham in 2011 estimated the rural consumer durables market to grow at 40% in 2012 as a result of higher disposable income among rural consumers. The size of the home appliance market in India is pegged at `30,000 crore, with air-conditioners, refrigerators and washing machines as the largest categories, though household peneration levels are in low single-digits. Current Scenario in India, * Refrigerators have the 2nd highest aspirational value of all consumer durables * High growth rate of the refrigerator market. Refrigerators are manufactured in two basic designs which are referred to as Direct Cool (DC) and Frost Free (FF) refrigerator. Godrej’s share in the refrigeration market as shown below is 18 % Critical success factors for chotuKool: Let us study the critical success factors on the basis of the 4p’s of marketing Product: Designed specifically for rural consumer Cooling Chip Runs on low power and invertors Runs on battery when there’s load shedding Colour chosen on the basis of consumer interest Use of unconventional cooling technology.

The Essence of Success (Great Gatsby Essay) Essay Example Essay Example

The Essence of Success (Great Gatsby Essay) Essay Example Paper The Essence of Success (Great Gatsby ) Essay Introduction Surprisingly, the different attitude between different genders toward cushion is considered as an essential factor for people to engage in fashion purchasing. 1 . INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND 1 . 1. Importance of the research In recent decades, the apparel production plays a vital role in the economy of a country. It is estimated that Clothing retailing was $23. 9 million on September 201 1, which take up. The expansion of Apparel industry in Australia poses challenges and heavy pressure to enterprises who do not understand and analyses the factors of consumer requirement toward fashion. Sigmund (2012) pointed out that marketing research are able to educe the risk of the uncertain or wrong decision, allowing companies to get higher profits. According to McCarthy OPS marketing mix (1 960), any business success is based on â€Å"OPS†, regarding to product, price, promotion and place. Without proper understanding of the expectations of consumers and properly marketing methods, man agers might attribute to management problems and financial loss. Thus, this study is incredibly important, for it will allow the manager to know how to design a campaign that can meet consumers needs and expectation, understanding how to improve the tankard of marketing mix and fashion trend are processing and making the prediction about fashion design in the future. 1. 2. Scope of report This report demonstrates adults who are living in Australia purchasing behavior with associated with fashion clothing. However, because of the geographic, time and cost limitations, only four randomly selected interview transcripts are taken from QUA T Blackboard. The Essence of Success (Great Gatsby ) Essay Body Paragraphs Therefore, the data presented in this report may differ from other results. 1. 3. Research Problem The purchasing behavior of adults associated with fashion clothing in Australia. 1. 4. Aim and Objectives The aim of this report is to qualitatively explore the drivers of fashion clothing purchase behavior. Specific objectives include: To identity which types of clothing consumers perceive as fashionable and unfashionable. To identify why consumers perceive some clothing as fashionable and other clothing as unfashionable. To understand societal values that lead to fashion clothing purchases. To identify motives that influence consumers to purchase fashion clothing. To understand fashion clothing purchase behaviors. 2. METHOD 2. 1 . Methodological considerations and assumptions In this study, exploratory qualitative research will be developed to investigated consumers purchasing behaviors and attitudes. Due to the fact that there are a few of previously systematic theories and structure d studies about people’s attitude about the fashion purchasing. For these reason, this report intends to deepen understanding of this problem and explore factors contributing to purchasing behaviors associated with fashion clothing through using the methods of interviews. The qualitative research will be in the form of in-depth interviews. First of all, it can be interact with respondents’ reaction directly. In addition, in-depth interviews can eliminate or reduce peer pressures, which ensures more freely exchange information. Moreover, One to one interview makes respondent feel that they are focus of attention, so that their thoughts and experiences are important. On the negative side, the cost of interview is almost higher than other methods. Because interview takes long time and spends much money, especially when there are a number of respondents. However, Idiotic-Bloom and Cerebrate (2006) believed that interview is an integral stage of an evolving study process th at is responsive to emerging insights. It deserves to spend a certain number of money. 2. 2. Sample Considerations It is essential to select a representative and accurate sample. The population of interest this study will be the adults in Australia who are over 18 years old. In other words, a consumer should own understandings of fashion and infusion independently. Due to time limitation, 4 samples come from QUIT blackboard sources. In terms of sample selection, this study uses in simple random sampling. The transcript database is made up Of respondents Of different age, gender and background. In order to obtain a gender-balanced exult, this research decides to choose 2 males and 2 females transcripts randomly. 2. 3. Data collection and framework, and analytical consideration In order to narrow the scope of consumer behaviors associated with fashion purchasing effectively, the research will use an interview as method for collecting data, all interviewers are required to familiar wit h interview guideline and question and make sure interview question are relevant. Also, check the audio equipment works properly and find a quiet place to implement interview. When the interview is in progress, interviewers should hank the participant for agreeing in the interview and introduce the topic firstly. Then, explain the process and requirement of the interview. Thirdly, confirm the respondents eligibility (must be at least 1 8 years old) and obtain signed consent. As the respondents are confirmed to be over 18 years, the interviews will use interviews objective and questions (see Appendices C. ) to question respondents about 30 minutes. It should be noticed that interviewers should add some another flexible questions accordingly to respondents reactions and experiences. After interview, the interviewer would transcribe the interview record and uploaded it to online database. Interviewer will choose addition three interview transcripts from another interviewer. The researc h will be analyses by thematic content analysis. 3. 0 ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS The ethical consideration, as a foundation of all researchers, not only supports the aim of quality of research, but also improves the creditability and positive effect on study. Willing co-operation of the public is the main participants of this research. Research should be carried out honestly, objectively and protects participants’ rights Of privacy. Rights and obligations to respondents (MAMAS, 2013): Voluntary participation Informed of recording and observation Assurance of bona fades Rights and obligations to researcher (MAMAS, 2013): understanding the purpose of research and maintain objective Protecting confidentially of research records The data can not be used for any non-research purpose 4. 0 ANALYSIS Braun and Clarke (2006) said that thematic content analysis is a convenient and theoretically flexible method to analyzing qualitative data. This study uses thematic content analysis and pres ents analyses information from collected transcripts. Table 1 indicates the codes and themes of the analysis. Full transcripts can be found in Appendix A. 5. 0 FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS . 10 Interpretation of the data To identity which types of clothing consumers perceive as fashionable and unfashionable. It can be seen from the results in Table 1, fashion is generally defined to a tendency, which general public follow in one particular period. All of respondent pointed out unfashionable clothing looks dirty or unflattering. However, it should be noticed that there are some different thoughts between different genders. Female Respondents are likely to believe that uxorious brand like Zimmerman and Camilla as fashionable symbol, while men think that pattern and materials are the most essential component of fashion rather than brand. To identify why consumers perceive some clothing as fast enable and other clothing as unfashionable. Respondents perceive fashion clothing based on tw o basic factors, including the recognition and shopping places. They have a deep-rooted notion that clothing brought from supermarket like Target, Smart or some roadside stands are unfashionable, whereas those purchased from mega shopping center are regarded as superior quality products. It would be noted that some male respondent think that some famous brand, like LB, GUCCI lacks creative design products. To understand societal values that lead to fashion clothing purchases. According to all transcripts, it is apparent that social network and mass media can poses effects on people’s attitude toward fashion purchasing behaviors and the way of dressing. People get fashion information via diverse ways, such as celebrity dressing style, friends recommendation, magazines, American TV series, Backbone. There is a recognition that many media or celebrities obtain financial sponsorship from garment enterprises , so they resent some information to affect people’s opinions. In addition, female respondents put emphasis on fashion clothing in the importance of first Impression. To identify motives that influence consumers to purchase fashion clothing. It is worth emphasizing that ages, occasions and body figure can affect consumers motivation toward fashion clothing. Most of respondent think that they should dress maturely since they become older. Also, dressing manly or female may be not main considerations for all respondents because some people prefer to dress comfortably and suitably. It should be doted that when clothing promotion, like discount, people would buy relative expensive clothing. To understand fashion clothing purchase behaviors. Female respondents would not avoid buying designer clothing because they focus on quality and outstanding brand logo. However, male respondents are partly different. After decision they made in mind, no matter what they buy, they just go to shopping center for looking around and select. .2 Implication for managemen t. It is recommended that the Apparel industry should take relevant actions accordingly â€Å"OPS† marketing mix. In terms of the relation between products ND people, various preferences between different genders, garment enterprises ought to research people’s needs and expectation, developing market segmentation and design new products to satisfy different aged and gender groups’ requirement. We will write a custom essay sample on The Essence of Success (Great Gatsby Essay) Essay Example specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Essence of Success (Great Gatsby Essay) Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Essence of Success (Great Gatsby Essay) Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

President Bush on Social Security Reform essays

President Bush on Social Security Reform essays The topic of social security is one that seems to arise again and again during presidential elections, and is often one of the most debated subjects of a presidents administration. Since his initial victory over then Vice President Al Gore in 2000, George Bush has continually worked on reforming the United States current system of social security. Many politicians consider social security to be the so called third-rail of American Politics, because like the third rail of a train, it will shock you if you touch it. However, the fault that lies within this theory is that by not touching it, we will not be able to fix it, and as George Bush said in an August 2000 speech: I will touch the third rail so I can fix it. Social security was originally implemented by Franklin Roosevelt almost 70 years ago, and has been in continual, un-interfered service since then. However, with the recession in 2001, the huge U.S. deficit, the baby-boomer generation getting ready to retire in about seven years, and the war on terrorism, many people, especially the younger working population, are beginning to get worried about whether or not social security will be around for them. George Bushs solution, one that has stirred up much controversy, is to allow younger workers to invest a portion of their paychecks into private savings account, where they would get a higher rate of return as opposed to the current social security trust funds. By allowing the rates of returns to be compounding at a higher rate, it would ensure that the entire social security system would stay intact for generations to come. He says that a 2% return a year is not good enough, and by allowing the United States to privatize their money, it could potentially yield rates of return as high as 6%. He also promised that this system would be strictly voluntary, and the matter of trusting the government with ones retirement, or themselves woul...

Carbon Fibres and Composite Material Free Sample for Students

According to Goodman et al. (2011), a composite material refers to a combination of two or more materials that are of different composition, physical property, and morphology. These materials are often combined on a microscopic scale. Depending on the constituent properties, composites are in many cases designed to (or â€Å"intending to†) producing materials with materials aimed at fulfilling specific mechanical, physical, or chemical requirements. As a result, Hofmann (2016)   points out that the use of composite materials have progressively increased for the past 40 years and have many uses in the automotive, aeronautic, medical, and naval fields among other industries. Consequently, different composite biomaterials have been tested and studied for use in the medical field and are often commercialized for their advantages of the traditional composite materials that were used before. In the medical field, most human tissues such as skin, bones, tendons, teeth, and ligament are composites made up of single constituents whose distribution, morphology, amount, and properties are the major determinants of the final behavior of the resulting organ or tissue according to Paknikar and Kumbhar (2015). The same study denotes that human-made composite materials can as well be used in making prostheses that are used to mimic these biological tissues with the aim of ensuring thy match their mechanical behavior and restore the mechanical functions of the body tissues that have been damaged. This paper presents the history, structure and synthesis, mechanical properties, possible uses, as well as pros and cons of the carbon-fiber-reinforced,   peek (CFR-PEEK) composite material whose use have been studied, tested, and proven fit for medical purposes. Carbon Fiber, a polymer that is also known as a graphite fiber, is a very strong material and light in weight. Though stiffer than steel, its light weight makes it suitable for use as a raw material in the manufacturing of other materials (Garry, 2013). The composite material was discovered back in 1879 by Edison Thomas. The scientist backed bamboo silvers and cotton threads at high temperature carbonizing them into a fiber filament of all-carbon. His invention led to the use of high-performance carbon fibers in 1958 in Cleveland. CF-PEEK was then introduced as a matrix where long and short PEEK fibers were used as the composite matrix to ensure the end product had the qualities of both fibers. Despite the fact that they were inefficient, the fibers contained approximately 20% carbon with low stiffness and strength properties. However, the carbon fiber’s strength potential was realized in 1963 through a new manufacturing process at British research center (David et al., 2014). In the medical field, carbon-fiber-reinforced peek materials range from large scale components such as x-ray application materials to most invisible bolts internally used to support the bones in the body according to Paknikar and Kumbhar (2015). CFR-PEEK materials have for a long time been adopted for use in the medical field in different facets. They are widely used in the orthopedic processes mainly for bone crafts, bone cementing, hip joint replacement, and in the fixation of the bone plates in the body. Hofmann (2016) points out that CFR-PEEK can be fabricated with tensile strength or stiffness in the capability of the bone they replace in the body. As a result, the materials are successfully finding their way into the medical devices as implants to replace the internal body organs and tissues. Historically, many challenges have been faced by implant designers in achieving acceptance from different regulatory agencies globally. However, the uses of carbon-fiber-reinforced peeks are on the rise as a result of technological advancements and innovations. New medical applications and composite materials are gaining popularity and approval in many parts of the US food and drug administration (Garry, 2013). CFR-PEEK are used in the formulation of bone growths for implants such as temporary bone supports and bone screws mainly adopted in the orthopedic repairs. These materials have been adopted for use in the bioresorbable polymers that can safely break down and be absorbed by the body in the rebuilding process of the bone. In the medical industry, the first synthesis requirement is a performance parameter indicating the relative merits of different designs of CFR-PEEK with the primary knowledge that the growth and micro-motion of bones can be used for different purposes in a clinical view. What follows is a finite element code that determines the strains in the bone used as essential parameters in evaluating the performance of the carbon fiber. The CF-PEEK composite is manufactured by the use of a hybrid fabric composing of PEEK and carbon fiber as a matrix that is then modified and treated by low temperature and oxygen plasma. The process is then followed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Fourier transformation attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy (FTIR-ATR), and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) that are essential I relating the functionality and roughness of the carbon fiber surface with the PEEK interfacial adhesion strength.   The plasma treatment is aimed at increasing the roug hness of the carbon fiber surface while the prolonged treatment results into the smoothing. According to Duraccio, Mussano, and Faga (2015), the structural properties of a composite material are determined by the length, volume, and alignment of the carbon fiber it contains. Apart from being strong, carbon fibers have high tensile strength and stiffness but with low weight. It also has a high chemical resistance and is often tolerant to high temperature and excessive heat but with a low thermal expansion as denoted by Garry (2013). According to Cano and Guilemany (2016), the mechanical property of a composite material can be determined by the mechanical properties of CFR-PEEK. Carbon fibers consist of strong and thin crystalline carbon filaments for the strengthening of other materials. David et al. (2014) denote that the fibers can be thinner than the human hair but gets its strength when the fibers are twisted and laid over a coated and molded into plastics or resin. For these mechanical properties, carbon fiber is adapted for use not only in the medical field but many industries such as the military, automotive, and aerospace. There are two main forms of carbon fiber incorporation used in composites for medical applications. Short CFR-PEEKs that consist of short carbon fibers randomly aligned and are mostly less than 0.4 mm, used as producers of the homogeneous material property for the implant. Long CFR-PEEK consists of carbon fibers essentially running the entire width of most composite materials. The long CFR-PEEK has a tensile strength that is greater than 2000 Mpa when compared to the 170 Mpa which is of the short carbon fiber (Aspenberg, 2014). As a result, their controlled alignment of these carbon fibers hence helps in providing a broad range of anisotropic properties that can be controlled for specific functions depending on there the composite material that needs to be made and the use.   Ajioka et al. (2016) denote that carbon-fiber-reinforced peek material is engineered to produce a varying degree of stiffness and strength based on the number and orientation of the carbon fibers used. It is hence easier to help the manufacturer match the elasticity of the bone to be replaced with the composite implant material that will be fixed. On the other hand, Paknikar and Kumbhar (2015) also denotes that using carbon fibers as composite materials is easier since, before their innovations, manufacturers were facing challenges from modulus mismatch of the then used metal implants. For instance, the mismatch was often producing stress shielding; alter loading, and a periprosthetic bone remodeling process that was often detrimental. Commercially available carbon fiber composite materials have been tested in several ways for fatigue cycles but have always proven to be effective and resistant. Nayeri (2014) denotes that the average strength for a 4.5mm implant plate is 19.1 Newton meters while that of a similar 4.5mm stainless steel compression plate is 17.8 Newton meters. The bending strength of available 10-mm CFR-PEEK is averagely 80.3 Nm, while an 11-mm titanium tibial plate bending strength is 43 Nm. This has proven that the testing for wear debris of the implants is significantly lower than the wear debris strength of titanium plates made from the steel as pointed out by Goodman et al. (2011). The same study denotes that the healing and fracture reduction are available for a standard radiograph. The absence of both MRI and computed tomography means that CFR-PEEK for the composite implants has applications for infections, spine, and for oncologic cases. Even though there are several advantages of using the carbon-fiber-reinforced peek composite implants for medical reasons, there are also some specific disadvantages. For instance, they cannot be contoured hence making their use in fracture fixation limited to straight diaphyseal hence calling for a specific locking screw technique anatomically designed for the specific fracture Utech and Boccaccini (2016). At the same time, stiffness can be beneficial to the receiver, but the too much flexibility is as well dangerous as it can lead to pseudarthrosis. The increased fatigue strength of the implants helps in decreasing any possible risk to fatigue failure. However, the radiolucent nature of the carbon-fiber-reinforced peek used in the manufacturing of the implants precludes directly hence visualizes radiography. In his study, Hofmann (2016) denotes that all biomaterial composites intended for use in the body of any living organism have to meet certain conditions, regulatory requirements, and criteria. These include; Carbon-fiber-reinforced peek have found a wide application and use in different facets of the medical sectors. These include bone cementing, bone grafting, hip joint replacements, bone fixating plating, and other forms of bone replacements (Asghari et al. 2017). In the manufacturing and design of prosthetic composite implants used for the replacement of the central bone and the combined joint, the primary objective is often to arrive at an implant with a higher bone growth stimulus but slightly lower that the titanium alloys implants that are currently used (Egger et al. 2017). From the CFR-PEEK innovations, patients can easily get access to rapid and easier proper implant fixation and bone replacement. Achieving these objectives requires the synthesis and structure of the composite implants to consist of three primary elements. In his study, Soboyejo (2017) points out that CFR-PEEK includes bio-glass-ceramic, xenograft, and allografts often used in joint replacements and tissue engineering. They are often made of different layers of long and short carbon fibers; the final product often combines the properties of both the materials used. The resulting product is often mechanically strong but lightweight at the same time. Saleh (2016) also denotes that the materials have low density and can easily resist corrosion. The use of composite body implants has several advantages when compared to the metallic devices that were used before their inventions. It modules if elasticity and fatigue strength makes the CFR-PEEK an ideal composite implant material for bones plates and nails. The disposal of CF-PEEK is becoming a major issue since the different carbon fiber reinforced composite materials are reaching the end of their live services. According to Schinner, and Brandt (2011), over 27 000 tons of CF-PEEK have produced annually. As a result, grinding up the waste material and sending it to landfills or disposing of it through incineration has little appeal to the environment since it is non-biodegradable.   With global warming and climate change policies affecting every global industry, incineration is not the best method of disposal of the material as it will lead to the production of greenhouse gasses as well as smoke, thus leading to pollution. Disposal into landfills also reduces the aesthetic value of the environment turning the areas into wastelands and creating environments for disease-predisposing factors such as stagnant water collection points for mosquito and bilharzia breeding when it rains. As a result, different recycling methods such as pyroly sis have been adopted that strips away the epoxy resin from the fibers while leaving the original properties undamaged. The medical industry is driven and guided by the demands of the medical profession that seeks constant improvements and device innovations for better medical care. Consequently, different composite biomaterials have been tested and studied for use in the medical field and are often commercialized for their advantages of the traditional composite materials that were used before. Carbon fibers have found a wide application and use in different facets of the medical sectors. These include bone cementing, bone grafting, hip joint replacements, bone fixating plating, and other forms of bone replacements. Ajioka, H., Kihara, H., Odaira, C., Kobayashi, T., & Kondo, H. (2016). Examination of the Position Accuracy of Implant Abutments Reproduced by Intra-Oral Optical Impression.  Plos ONE,  11(10), 1-12. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0164048 Asghari, F., Samiei, M., Adibkia, K., Akbarzadeh, A., & Davaran, S. (2017). Biodegradable and biocompatible polymers for tissue engineering application: a review.  Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine & Biotechnology,  45(2), 185-192. doi:10.3109/21691401.2016.1146731 Aspenberg, P. (2014). Alendronate-eluting polyglucose-lignol composite (POGLICO).  Acta Orthopaedica,  85(6), 687-690. doi:10.3109/17453674.2014.979724 Bailey, S. R. (2009). DES Design: Theoretical Advantages and Disadvantages of Stent Strut Materials, Design, Thickness, and Surface Characteristics.  Journal Of Interventional Cardiology,  22S3-S17. doi:10.1111/j.1540-8183.2009.00449.x   Cano, I., & Guilemany, J. (2015). Cold spray as an emerging technology for biocompatibility of Carbon Fibers: state of art.  Journal Of Materials Science,  50(13), 4441-4462. doi:10.1007/s10853-015-9013-1 David, J., Cyril M., Seligson,   D., Bennie L. (2014). Use of Carbon-Fiber-Reinforced Composite Implants in Orthopedic Surgery, Journal of Orthopedics, 37 (12): 825-830 Duraccio, D., Mussano, F., & Faga, M. (2015). Biomaterials for dental implants: current and future trends.  Journal Of Materials Science,  50(14), 4779-4812. doi:10.1007/s10853-015-9056-3 Egger, J., Gall, M., Tax, A., ÃÅ"cal, M., Zefferer, U., Li, X., & ... Chen, X. (2017). Interactive reconstructions of cranial 3D implants under MeVisLab as an alternative to commercial planning software.  Plos ONE,  12(3), 1-20. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0172694   Garry, P. (2013). Self-tapping ability of carbon fibre reinforced polyetheretherketone suture anchors.  J Biomater Appl. Epub ahead of print. doi:10.1177/0885328214535274   Goodman, B., Stuart, S., Kelsey, G. & Deborah, J (2011). Composite Implant for Bone Replacement. Journal of Composite Material, vol. 261, pp.  63-81. Hofmann, A. (2016). Surface Functionalization of Orthopedic Titanium Implants with Bone Sialoprotein.  Plos ONE,  11(4), 1-23. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0153978 Kumbhar, J. (2015). Applications of bacterial cellulose and its composites in biomedicine.  Applied Microbiology & Biotechnology,  99(6), 2491-2511. doi:10.1007/s00253-015-6426-3 Paknikar, K., & Kumbhar, J. (2015). Applications of carbon fiber and its composites in biomedicine.  Applied Microbiology & Biotechnology,  99(6), 2491-2511. doi:10.1007/s00253-015-6426-3 Saleh, M. M. (2016). Biodegradable/biocompatible coated metal implants for orthopedic applications.  Bio-Medical Materials & Engineering,  27(1), 87-99. doi:10.3233/BME-161568 Schinner, J. & Brandt, H. (2011). Recycling carbon-fiber-reinforced thermoplastic composites, J Thermoplast Compos Mater, 6(9), pp. 239–245 Soboyejo, W. (2017). Polymeric composite devices for localized treatment of early-stage breast cancer.  Plos ONE,  12(2), 1-11. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0172542 Utech, S., & Boccaccini, A. (2016). A review of carbon-based composites for biomedical applications: enhancement of hydrogel properties by addition of rigid inorganic fillers.  Journal Of Materials Science,  51(1), 271-310. doi:10.1007/s10853-015-9382-5

A short film Script about Zach's phobia's Movie Review

A short film Script about Zach's phobia's - Movie Review Example Oh no I need to check if the door locks from outside hold on just a sec (Has already dropped the phone and rushes to the direction of the bathroom but he is still talking albeit in a lower voice almost as if he is talking to himself)†¦ I wonder locks automatically last time tried to shut my door bathroom just a bit, it shut itself and scared the heck out of me. (In a whisper walking towards the bathroom), oh dear this door is too heavy, what if I lock myself in? In the other room Emily can be heard trying to make herself heard on the mouthpiece Emily Hey Zack where did you go off to..Zaaack you want me to come or not? Zack (Suddenly remembering that he had been on the phone, he rushes and picks it up). You really must come Emily, he says I have unpacked luggage, a bathroom whose door’s heavier than a bunch of Two ton Trucks Emily (Sarcastically) You know what Zack? I think I will come†¦ Zack (Cutting her off not getting the tone) Oh thank goodness I had no idea how I was going to get through settling in the darkness is setting in and my new bulbs are in my suitcase and I can’t stand the tough of being alone in the dark. I just love the way you handle this stuff, I would be lost without your savage courage and brute strength Emily (Irritated)Hey where did that come from what’s wrong with you? or also have a phobia for courtesy? As I was saying, before your cut me off I will definitely come, I will come tomorrow and see if your million phobias will have killed you or if you can deal with them without acting like a 6 foot baby. (Slams phone) Zack Uh something I said? Oh boy now I have to do this all by myself. (Light bulb moment) hah! I know, necessity as they say, is the mother of all evil, tonight am going to face up to my fears, what’s the worst that can happen anyway? Emily is right, I need to grow up. (He sits down) now, now, now, but that’s a tall order, let me see what do I need to do first? I should make a list of things I am afraid off , that that could take all night. Maybe I should make list of things I am not afraid off, that can’t be very wrong. (Wrings his hands) this is never going to work (He sits down and scribbles on a paper for a minute or so) Luggage, darkness, bathrooms doctors, bridges closets bridges). Zack Am tired of always having to beg for help, (Marches confidently to the bags at the corner, but stops and almost does not touch them when he gets close up he bites his lower lips)Here goes nothing (opens the first suitcase and jumps back nothing happens) Ok not bad I think is could open them all then, all these locked bags give me the creeps who knows what could have snuck in. (As he opens suitcase 2, 3 and four a mouse moves in from the corner and sniffs briefly around the first suitcase, it then climbs in and disappears into the bag. Zack is getting pretty confident and opens all the suitcases). Zack Phew, that’s the worst of the first part, but one phobia is good enough for one day,